深化体制改革完善成品油价格形成机制

2000年6月我国实现了成品油价格与国际市场接轨。但现行作价办法的调价时间滞后，价格接轨简单机械，管理模式仍受计划经济和行政管理的影响，造成成品油价格仅是从形式上与国际市场接轨，并未实现市场机制的根本接轨，因而难以充分发挥其调节市场供求、事理配置资源的作用。从管理体制上看，价格管理的指导思想、职能和手段落后于现实市场经济体制改革的步伐，不仅遏制了现行油价机制的积极作用和应有活力，同时还造成了部分油品价格游离于接轨机制之外，油价体制和油价体系不完整。为此，建议政府进一步转变管理职能，以间接管理为主，维护市场4秩序，真正实现服务型管理的新模式，同时，本着责、权统一的原则，进一步扩大两大集团的定价自主权；联系国内市场状况，实现成品油市场机制的有机接轨；根据不同油品的产销特点，逐步实现航空煤油、石脑油、重油等产品的企业自主定价，并按照市场规则，理顺专项用油的价格。     

360度绩效评价研究

绩效评价是现代人力资源管理的重要内容之一,如何客观、公正地评价员工的绩效,采用更加灵活的模式评价管理者的工作,是当前人力资源管理与实践亟待探讨和解决的问题。本文阐述了360度评价法的产生和发展过程,通过对案例的分析进一步说明其优缺点,最后提出展望。     

我国能源安全问题的结构性分析

1993年以来,随着我国石油进口的不断上升,对外依赖度的不断提高,石油安全乃至能源安全成为国内外持续关注的热点。到底我国的能源安全状况处于什么水平?对国际能源供应有多大影响、能达到什么程度?为此,有必要对能源安全问题进行结构性分析,从而明晰我国能源安全的基本状态。能源安全是国家安全体系的组成部分,主要指一国拥有主权或实际可控制、实际可获得的能源资源,从数量和质量上能够保障该国经济在一定时间内的需要、参与国际竞争需要和可持续发展的需要。稳定的能源供应和合理的能源价格是石油安全的核心问题。因此,保证能源安全的关键…     

信息时代中小企业的营销创新分析

当今社会科学技术突飞猛进，知识经济初见端倪，信息革命正迅猛的改变人们的生存环境，人们开始从工业社会进入信息时代，信息技术在企业广泛渗透到生产开发，经营管理的全过程中，成为他们发展的基本依据和重要手段。信息化正从整体上引导着企业经济和社会发展的进程。信息技术将成为企业经济发展的关键因素。从改革开放的初期开始，中小企业就不断涌现，成为推动我国经济发展的一支重要力量。中小企业的优势在于：自身规模小，机制灵活，且产品价格低，能满足人们多样化需求。随着我国加入WTO，电子商务的构建，信息时代的来临，信息化正从整体上引导着企业经济和社会发展的进程。激烈的市场竞争环境使我国中小企业日益暴露出竞争力量差，技术力量薄弱的自身劣势。中小企业普遍存在管理水平低下，资金和人才缺乏，信息化程度低下等问题。     

建设天津北方国际物流中心的几点思考

党中央、国务院从我国经济社会发展全局出发,作出了推进天津滨海新区开发开放的重要战略部署.建设天津北方国际物流中心面临新的发展机遇,要有新的思路.     

CREDIT CYCLES REDUX*

Theoretical studies have shown that under unorthodox assumptions on preferences and production technologies, collateral constraints can act as a powerful amplification and propagation mechanism of exogenous shocks. We investigate whether or not this result holds under more standard assumptions. We find that collateral constraints typically generate small output amplification. Large amplification is obtained as a “knife‐edge” type of result.     

A theoretical framework to evaluate different margin‐setting methodologies

The margin system is the first line of defense against the default risk of a clearinghouse. From the perspectives of a clearinghouse, the utmost concern is to have a prudential system to control the default exposure. Once the level of prudentiality is set, the next concern will be the opportunity cost of the investors, because high opportunity cost discourages people from hedging futures, and thus defeats the function of a futures market. In this article, we first develop different measures of prudentiality and opportunity cost. We then formulate a statistical framework to evaluate different margin‐setting methodologies, all of which strike a balance between prudentiality and opportunity cost. Three margin‐setting methodologies, namely, (1) using simple moving averages; (2) using exponentially weighted moving averages; (3) using a GARCH approach, are applied to the Hang Seng Index futures. Keeping the same prudentiality level, it is shown that the one using a GARCH approach by and large gives the lowest average overcharge. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 24:117–145, 2004     

The index futures markets: Is screen trading more efficient?

This article uses a nonparametric test based on the arc‐sine law (see, e.g., Feller, 1965 ), which involves comparing the theoretical distribution implied by an intraday random walk with the empirical frequency distribution of the daily high/low times, in order to address the question of whether the abandonment of pit trading has been associated with greater market efficiency. If market inefficiencies result from flaws in the market microstructure of pit trading, they ought to have been eliminated by the introduction of screen trading. If, on the other hand, the inefficiencies are a reflection of investor psychology, they are likely to have survived, unaffected by the changeover. We focus here on four cases. Both the FTSE‐100 and CAC‐40 index futures contracts were originally traded by open outcry and have moved over to electronic trading in recent years, so that we are able to compare pricing behavior before and after the changeover. The equivalent contracts in Germany and Korea, on the other hand, have been traded electronically ever since their inception. Our results overwhelmingly reject the random‐walk hypothesis both for open‐outcry and electronic‐trading data sets, suggesting there has been no increase in efficiency as a result of the introduction of screen trading. One possible explanation consistent with our results would be that the index futures market is characterized by intraday overreaction. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 24:337–357, 2004     

An empirical analysis of the relationship between the hedge ratio and hedging horizon: A simultaneous estimation of the short‐ and long‐run hedge ratios

This article analyzes the effects of the length of hedging horizon on the optimal hedge ratio and hedging effectiveness using 9 different hedging horizons and 25 different commodities. We discuss the concept of short‐ and long‐run hedge ratios and propose a technique to simultaneously estimate them. The empirical results indicate that the short‐run hedge ratios are significantly less than 1 and increase with the length of hedging horizon. We also find that hedging effectiveness increases with the length of hedging horizon. However, the long‐run hedge ratio is found to be close to the naïve hedge ratio of unity. This implies that, if the hedging horizon is long, then the naïve hedge ratio is close to the optimum hedge ratio. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 24:359–386, 2004     

Policy reform and productivity change in Chinese agriculture: A distance function approach

Agricultural policy reform has been an important source of change in the Chinese agricultural sector. The reforms led to productivity growth and helped China to pursue its self-sufficiency goal especially in the grain sector. In order to analyze whether observable productivity growth stems from technologically induced components or from the market induced parts, a multi-input–multi-output model is derived by using an econometric distance function framework. A decomposition allows to distinguish allocative effects, scale effects, technological change, and technical efficiency change. Data on farms in Zhejiang from 1986 to 2000 are used to analyze the impact of policy reform.